In the last 30 years, biotechnology tools have allowed the development of desirable genotypes in less time and generally at a lower cost compared to conventional breeding. These breeding approaches, although time-consuming, labor-intensive, and randomly oriented to some extent, continue to deliver crop varieties supporting demands for increased agricultural production ( Scheben et al., 2017). For many years, conventional plant breeding has been performed by artificial crossing or induced random mutagenesis, and the selection of parents and descendants is based majorly on the phenotype, hence in the absence of molecular and physiological basis of enhanced traits ( Jorasch, 2019). The use of improved genotypes in agriculture started 10,000 years ago with the process of crop domestication when humans began to adapt wild plant species for cultivation as food plants ( Doebley et al., 2006).
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The present study also highlights the advantages and possible drawbacks of each technology, provides a brief overview of how to circumvent the off-target occurrence, the strategies to increase on-target specificity, the harm/benefits of association with nanotechnology, the public perception of the available techniques, worldwide regulatory frameworks regarding topical RNAi and CRISPR technologies, and, lastly, presents successful case studies of biotechnological solutions derived from both technologies, raising potential challenges to reach the market and being social and environmentally safe.ġ An Overview of Plant Breeding: From Ancient Times to Genetic Manipulation Associated With Molecular Breeding In this review, we discuss several aspects related to risk assessment, toxicity, and advances in the use of CRISPR/Cas and topical RNAi-based technologies in crop management and breeding. In an attempt to reverse these mishaps, scientists have been researching alternatives to increase the specificity, uptake, and stability of the CRISPR and RNAi system components in the target organism, as well as to reduce the chance of toxicity in nontarget organisms to minimize environmental risk, health problems, and regulatory issues. However, the limitations of each technique, public perception, and regulatory aspects are hindering its wide adoption for the development of new crop varieties or products. In recent years, the use of these modern technologies has been explored in various sectors of agriculture, introducing or improving important agronomic traits in plant crops, such as increased yield, nutritional quality, abiotic- and, mostly, biotic-stress resistance. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United StatesĬlustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated gene (Cas) system and RNA interference (RNAi)-based non-transgenic approaches are powerful technologies capable of revolutionizing plant research and breeding. 5IPADS-Balcarce (UEDD INTA-CONICET), Balcarce, Argentina.
4Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz Das Almas, Brazil.3Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.1Department of Phytopathology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.Hunter 8, Maria Fátima Grossi de Sá 3, Adilson Kenji Kobayashi 2, Alexandre Lima Nepomuceno 7, Thaís Ribeiro Santiago 1* and Hugo Bruno Correa Molinari 6* Fabiano Touzdjian Pinheiro Kohlrausch Távora 1,2, Francisco de Assis dos Santos Diniz 1, Camila de Moraes Rêgo-Machado 1,2, Natália Chagas Freitas 2, Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes 3, Eduardo Chumbinho de Andrade 4, Leila Lourenço Furtado 1, Karen Ofuji Osiro 1,2, Natália Lima de Sousa 5, Thiago Bérgamo Cardoso 6, Liliane Márcia Mertz Henning 7, Patrícia Abrão de Oliveira Molinari 2, Sérgio Enrique Feingold 5, Wayne B.
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